domingo, setembro 07, 2008

ENSAIO: DITIRAMBOS, PERFORMANCES&HAPPENINGS

DITIRAMBOS, PERFORMANCES&HAPPENINGS
Luciano Freitas, artista plástico/ensamblagista - setembro 2008


Coloco-me na posição de um artista autodidata na medida em que somente este ano busquei conhecimentos de artes plásticas e história da arte, ingressando no curso de graduação da Escola de Belas Artes/UFBA.

Iniciei em 2004, a criar ensamblagens/colagens, aceitas pelo público, críticos de arte, formadores de opinião e galeristas, o que me motivou a procurar a academia.

Aulas, leituras, novos colegas e conhecimentos! Os caminhos da história da arte são fascinantes, envolventes! E percorrendo estes caminhos desde a civilização egípcia até os movimentos de vanguarda do século XX me deparei com o ditirambo na mitologia grega.

Daí resolví compartilhar com os visitantes do meu blog o paralelo que pretendo traçar entre os ditirambos do deus Dionísio, e performances e happenings iniciados no século passado.

Então, vamos ao desafio!

Dionisio, Diónisos ou Dioniso (do
grego Διώνυσος ou Διόνυσος), o deus do vinho, filho de Zeus e da princesa Semele, sendo o único deus filho de uma mortal, era o “primo” do deus romano Baco, cujos ritos deram origem às bacanais. Bacanal todo mundo saca.

Dionísio era o deus protetor do teatro. Em sua honra faziam-se ditirambos e festas dionisíacas, as quais tiveram grande influência nas atividades teatrais na Grécia Antiga.

Nas origens do teatro grego, o ditirambo era um coral que executava músicas de caráter apaixonado, alegre e/ou sombrio, constituído de uma parte narrativa, recitada pelo cantor principal (corifeu), e de outra propriamente coral, executada por personagens vestidos de faunos e sátiros considerados companheiros de Dionísio, em honra do qual se prestava essa homenagem ritualística. O ditirambo envolvia diversas linguagens: música, teatro, poesia....O corpo também era utilizado nestas manifestações dionisíacas. Além disto, os ditirambos, de Dionísio, segundo as várias lendas, histórias e cânticos do Olimpo, eram festas com muito vinho, lazer e prazer, sendo servido pelas bacantes (ou ménades), muito semelhantes às bacanais de Baco.

Dionísio é geralmente representado sob a forma de um jovem imberbe, risonho e festivo, de longa cabeleira loira, tendo, em uma das mãos, um cacho de uvas ou uma taça e, na outra, um dardo.

Vejamos as semelhanças entre os ditirambos do Olimpo com as performances&happenings do século XX.

Performance palavra da língua inglesa que significa ação, desempenho, foi incorporada a língua portuguesa e utilizada em diversas atividades: negócios, recursos humanos, cultura dentre outros.

Na minha área profissional – economia – podemos considerar um business game como performance. Os resultados atingidos por uma determinada economia também podem ser denominados de “performance da economia”.

Em termos de arte, por onde me entranho agora, as performance&happenings são atividades multidisciplinares utilizando diversas formas de expressões artísticas: dança, teatro, música, vídeo, cinema etc. O seu maior diferencial é que utilizam o corpo como tema e objeto da arte. Estas manifestações surgem no Século XX e ganham popularidade pela sensação de liberdade que contagiava os artistas e os espectadores, e a interação entre os mesmos. Um espécie de bacanal, concordam?

Estas manifestações foram componentes importantes de muitos movimentos vanguardistas do século XX, a exemplo do futurismo, do dadaísmo, do surrealismo, da arte conceitual, dentre outros.

Para artistas, historiadores e críticos de arte, professores e alunos de história das artes, a primeira referência à performance data de 1920, quando Marcel Duchamp, um dos principais artistas do Sec. XX, se deixa fotografar travestido em Rrose Sélavy.

Em New York, Jonh Cage foi um dos precursores dos happening, fazendo uma música considerada ready made, mesclando sons aleatórios, ruídos e até o silêncio. Suas manifestações continham a arte de Rauschenberg, a poesia de Olsen, o teatro de David Tudor e a dança de Cunningham.

Nos anos 70, entra em cena o Grupo Fluxus constituído por várias atividades, linguagens, disciplinas, nacionalidades, gêneros e profissões. Os seus integrantes eram considerados ativistas anárquicos, como foram os futuristas e dadaístas, além de radicais utópicos como foram os construtivistas russos. As atividades deste grupo se espalharam pela Europa, Japão. No Brasil, surgiu como Grupo Rex, em São Paulo

Numa linguagem de arte contemporânea, os ditirambos da mitologia grega, mesclando também teatro, música e dança, assim como utilizando o corpo dos faunos e sátiros, poderiam ser considerados as performances&happenings do Olimpo.

Assim como Dionísio promoveu o teatro na grécia Antiga, poderemos dizer que o seus congêneres no Sec. XX foram Jonh Cage, Rauschenberg e Cunningham, dentre outros, na medida em que se constituiram nos precursores de muitos movimentos da arte de vanguarda.

Importante referência é Marcel Duchamp verdadeira espinha dorsal dos muitos movimentos da arte de vanguarda com um viés boêmio na sua vida, tendo muitas amantes, exímio jogador de xadrez, e sendo visto por muitos como um anarquista devido ás suas atitudes revolucionárias nas artes. Não se parece com Dionisio e Baco?

Tanto o deus Dionísio como os artistas citados foram de suma importância para o desenvolvimento das artes nas épocas em que exerceram suas influências.

Que saudade dos anos 70!!!! Cadê os bacanais de outrora? Onde estão os grandes movimentos/nomes da arte contemporânea de hoje?

DEUSES DO OLIMPO

Os principais e mais conhecidos deuses olímpicos estão listados a seguir e, integram o conjunto de mitos, lendas e entidades divinas e/ou fantásticas, (deuses, semideuses e heróis) presentes na mitologia grega:
Zeus, deus dos deuses, do céu e da terra, senhor do Olimpo;
Hera, esposa de Zeus, deusa dos deuses, protetora do casamento;
Poseídon, deus dos oceanos e mares;
Hades, deus do mundo dos mortos;
Atena, deusa da guerra justa, da justiça, da sabedoria;
Apolo, deus do Sol, das artes e das profecias;
Ártemis, deusa da lua e da caça;
Afrodite, deusa do amor e da beleza;
Ares, deus da guerra;
Hefesto, deus do fogo e da metalurgia;
Hermes, o mensageiro de Zeus, protetor dos ladrões e comerciantes


REFERÊNCIAS

José Mário Peixoto Santos - Os Artistas Plásticos e a Performance na Cidade de Salvador:Um Percurso Histórico-performático –
Ufba/Eba/Mestrado, 2007

Amy Dempsey – Estilos, Escolas e Movimentos / Guia Enciclopédico da Arte Moderna
Cosacnaify, 2ª impressão, 2005

Eletrônicas
www.nodo50.org/lafelguera/Fluxus
Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

28 comentários:

Unknown disse...

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Overlack Ramos Campos Filho disse...

Oi Luciano: obrigado pelas palavras de incentivo ao meu Blog e também pela sua ajuda e orientação na criação.
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